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Reactions to nuts and seeds can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts and certain seeds introduced as a consequence of food handling or manufacturing. As a result tree nuts and seeds have been included in Annex IIIa of the EU food labelling directive. The following (including products thereof) must be declared on a label if they have been deliberately included in a food: Tree nuts are considered as one of the most frequent causes of food allergy, but almond allergy seems rather unusual. No good data for occurrence of almond allergy are available. In the United States and in the United Kingdom the frequency of tree nut allergy as a whole is estimated to range between 0.2% and 0.5% both in children and in adults. Tree nuts allergies appear early in childhood, but in Mediterranean countries sensitization to heat-resistant proteins may appear in adults. It is presently unknown whether allergic patients may become tolerant after some years of avoidance. Sathe et al. (2001) [ 730] found that the combined sera bound to proteins in the 39-66 kDa range and to a protein at about 16 kDa. Schools and childminders are among those sharing the warning amid the potential risk posed to nut allergy sufferers.
Pasini et al. (2000) [ 728] transferred proteins onto nitrocellulose membranes by semidry electroblotting. Almond proteins bound by serum IgE were detected by chemiluminescence. Protocol: (controls, definition of positive etc) Clark and Ewan (2003) [ 615] used a positive (histamine 10 mg/mL) and negative control (saline). SPT wheal diameters were listed as <3 mm, 3-7 mm and >8 mm. Poltronieri et al. (2002) [ 725] shows the Mr of the 2S albumin as 12 kDa but Sathe et al. (2001) [ 730] report approximately 16 kDa.Process, chemical, enzymatic: Not known but the disulphide linked alpha-helical structures of this protein family is likely to be very stable. Roux et al. (1999) [731] describe 14 patients with life threatening symptoms and 11 with oral hives, itching or mild angioedema. Production and characterization of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to almond (Prunus dulcis L.) major storage protein. Poltronieri et al. (2002) [ 725] found that the 6 sera bound proteins from 12 to 66 kDa. Major bands were at 12 and 45 kDa.
Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, Bruijnzeel-Koomen C, Dreborg S, Haahtela T, Kowalski ML, Mygind N, Ring J, van Cauwenberge P, van Hage-Hamsten M, Wuthrich B; EAACI (the European Academy of Allergology and Cinical Immunology) nomenclature task force. Some have reported only having the scientific Latin name for the oil on the label - prunus amygdalus dulcis oil - rather than almond oil itself, depending on where the product is bought. This year we have improved the Nivea Sun Kids Protect & Care range by adding almond oil. Almond oil is used in a wide range of formulas for babies and children, as it makes skin soft to touch and protects it from moisture loss. Pasini et al. (2000) [ 728] found positive SPT for all 5 atopic patients although only 2 had clinical symptoms with almond. IgE-binding proteins in almonds (Prunus amygdalus); identification and immunoblotting with sera from almond-allergic adultsSathe et al. (2001) [ 730] present clear evidence for IgE binding to proteins in the 39-66 kDa range. Sathe et al. (2001) [ 730], Roux et al. (1999) [731] and Roux et al. (2001) [ 727] attribute this to the almond major protein, amandin. Poltronieri et al. (2002) [ 725] suggest that binding is due to conglutin gamma at 45 kDa. Regular users of the cream say the addition of almond oil is something they've only recently spotted. Pasini et al. (2000) [ 728] found that 3 patients were CAP positive but asymptomatic while 2 were CAP negative and suffered allergy.
A spokesperson said: "As the world’s number one sun protection brand, we’re always looking at how we can further improve our formulas to provide the best products for our consumers. Other Information: Nuts i.e. Almond, Hazelnut, Walnut, Cashew, Pecan nut, Brazil nut, Pistachio nut, Macadamia nut and Queensland nut and products thereof are listed in annex IIIa of the EU directive on labelling of foods. Symptoms: 4 patients gave symptoms described as an anaphylactic reaction and 1 showed oral allergy syndrome (Poltronieri et al. 2002 [ 725]). It is not clear if the "anaphylactic reaction" was severe as suggested by Johansson et al. (2001) [ 946]. Bargman et al. (1992) [734] report RAST against almond for 7/8 sera. Ratios were 2.1-59.8 times controls.A voluntary registry for peanut and tree nut allergy: characteristics of the first 5149 registrants. Molecular characterization of cDNAs corresponding to genes expressed during almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) seed development. Poltronieri et al. (2002) [ 725] used 10-12% acrylamide (or 16% to resolve low molecular mass proteins) 1D gels for separation. Poltronieri et al. (2002) [ 725] used Sera from 5 SPT and challenge positive patients and from 1 other with a high RAST who was not tested further. A revised nomenclature for allergy. An EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force.
Allergen properties & biological function: The 2S albumins are storage protein and some act as enzyme inhibitors. The N-terminal sequence of the 2S albumin is VTXEEGXYSISDQSKVGE (Poltronieri et al. 2002 [ 725]). An internal sequence QXIRSPDREM was also reported. Note that the Swissprot entry makes these into one sequence.Nature of main cross-reacting proteins: The almond 45 kDa allergen is a 7S cupin and the N-terminal sequence is closest to that of lupin. Identification and characterisation of the IgE-binding proteins 2S albumin and conglutin gamma in almond (Prunus dulcis) seeds. Those who have concerns with regards to food and/or skin related almond allergies should seek the advice of their GP before using any product that contains almond oil. If in doubt, our Nivea Sun Babies & Kids Sensitive Protect range may be a more suitable alternative, as it does not contain almond oil."
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